** Sexual Adjustment
Inventory and SAI-Juvenile **
Sexual offender assessment and screening.
Identification of sexually deviate and paraphiliac behavior.
Psychologists and certified/licensed mental health
professionals.
Court-related sexual offender assessment staff.
Probation departments and correctional programs sexual
offender screening.
Specialized sex offender caseloads in probation, corrections
and treatment programs.
Sex offender counseling and treatment programs.
Description
The Sexual Adjustment Inventory, or SAI, is designed to identify sexually
deviate and paraphiliac behavior in people accused or convicted of sexual
offenses. The SAI has 225 items and takes an hour to complete. SAI reports are
scored and printed on-site within 3 minutes. The SAI has 13 measures (scales):
1.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale,
2.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale,
3.
Sexual Adjustment Scale,
4.
Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale,
5.
Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale,
6.
Exhibitionism Scale,
7.
Incest Classification,
8.
Violence (Lethality) Scale,
9.
Alcohol Scale,
10.
Drugs Scale,
11.
Antisocial Scale,
12.
Distress Scale and
13.
Impulsiveness Scale.
The SAI has been standardized on thousands of sex offenders. It includes sexual
deviance and commonly associated problematic attitudes, substance (alcohol and
other drugs) abuse and behavioral disorder screens. The SAI is a comprehensive
sex offender assessment instrument or test. And, it is a popular sex offender
screening instrument.
Thirteen
SAI Scales
1.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale:
Measures how truthful the client was while answering sex-related
questions. The SAI has a very open or candid approach to sex-related items and
makes no attempt to trick or deceive the respondent. Consequently, sex-related
items are easily recognized. Somebody who wants to minimize sex-related
problems or concerns might answer non-sex-related items honestly, but minimize
or lie when answering sex-related items. In that case (minimize or lie to
sex-related items), the Sex Item Truthfulness Scale would detect the client's
problem minimization and lying to sex-related items.
The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with all sex-related scales.
Then, each sex-related scale's proprietary conversion equation transforms raw
scale scores to Truth-Corrected percentile scores.
Truth-Corrected scale scores are more accurate than
a scale's raw score.
Sex-related scales include: Sex Item Truthfulness Scale, Sexual Adjustment
Scale, Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale, Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale,
Exhibitionism Scale and the Incest Classification.
Elevated (at or above the 70th percentile) scores indicate the
respondent is minimizing problems and attempting to fake good. However,
Truth-Corrected scale scores in the Problem Risk (70th to 89th
percentile) range indicate that all sex-related scale scores are accurate. Sex
Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 90th percentile
indicate that all sex-related scale scores are not accurate. This means that
all sex-related scale scores are inaccurate or invalid.
In contrast, a Sex Item Truthfulness Scale score at
or below the 89th percentile means that all sex-related scale scores
are accurate. This is discussed in the "SAI: Orientation and Training Manual."
"Demonstrated
reliability,
validity and accuracy"
2.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale:
Measures how truthful the client was while completing the test's
non-sex-related items. Clients can distinguish between sex-related and non-sex
related items. And, some respondents might only minimize or lie to
non-sex-related items. Non-sex-related scales include: Test Item Truthfulness
Scale, Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale, Violence (Lethality) Scale, Antisocial
Scale, Distress Scale and the Impulsiveness Scale.
A Test Item Truthfulness Scale in the Problem Risk (70th to 89th
percentile) range means that non-sex-related scale scores are accurate because
they have been Truth-Corrected.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the
89th percentile mean all non-sex-related scales are accurate.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores in the Severe Problem (90th
to 100th percentile) range mean that all non-sex-related scale
scores are inaccurate or invalid.
The Test Item Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with all the
non-sex-related scales. Then, each scale's proprietary conversion equation
transforms raw scores to Truth-Corrected percentile scores.
Raw scores reflect what the client wants you
to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the client is trying to hide.
Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores.
Comparison of the Test Item Truthfulness Scale score with the Sex Item
Truthfulness Scale score can provide insight regarding the client's test taking
motivation. The higher of these two scores usually represents the client's
greatest area of concern. This is why these two truthfulness scales (Sex Item
and Test Item) are presented together on the first page of the SAI report.
3.
Sexual Adjustment Scale:
Measures the client's self-reported sexual adjustment. A high score
reveals sexual dissatisfaction in a person with an impaired or unsatisfying
sexual lifestyle or adjustment.
The Sexual Adjustment Scale includes sex-related items that most people in our
society would agree or disagree with. Norming the Sexual Adjustment Scale on
both normals and deviates allows comparison scoring. The greater the
difference, the greater the impairment.
For example, a client could have an elevated Sexual Adjustment Scale score along
with other sexual deviate scores. The "other" elevated scale score(s) could add
guilt, concern or distress to the respondent's perceived sexual adjustment.
The Sexual Adjustment Scale score provides a background from which other
sex-related issues can be better understood. For example, is the person
manifesting a high Child Molest Scale score satisfied or not satisfied with
their sexual adjustment? Similar insights could apply to other sex-related
(child molest, sexual assault, exhibitionism and incest) scale scores.
4.
Child Molest (Pedophile) Scale:
Measures a person's sexual interests, urges and fantasies involving
prepubescent children. Pedophilia is a pathological sexual interest in
children. Isolated sexual acts with a child do not necessarily warrant the
classification of pedophilia. And, the child molester is often unable to
comprehend the reason for his/her actions.
Problem Risk (70th to 89th percentile) range scorers have
a greater than average interest in young boys and/or girls. Severe Problem (90th
to 100th percentile) risk scorers have an abnormal interest in
children (young boys and/or girls).
Consequences associated with Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) Child Molest Scale scores vary according to the evaluation's
purpose. For example, pedophile classification, referrals to a licensed mental
health professional for a diagnosis and treatment plan, probation/incarceration
decision making and treatment options are representative of such outcomes.
5.
Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale:
Measures sexual assault proneness. Rape refers to sexual assault or sexual
intercourse against the will and over the objections of the partner. It is
often accompanied by force or the threat of force.
Problem Risk (70th to 89th percentile) range scorers have
more than an average interest in aggressive sex and often fantasize about
forceful sex against the will of their partner. They are capable of sexual
assault. Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) risk
scorers have a high probability of sexual assault.
The role of non-sex-related SAI scales becomes apparent in court-related sexual
assault evaluations. For example, substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse,
violence (lethality) potential and a person's impulsiveness are very common
areas of inquiry. The 13 SAI scales were selected because they provide
important information on their own merits and in terms of their relationship
with each other.
"Appropriate for both
misdemeanor and felony cases"
6.
Exhibitionism Scale:
Measures a person's need to expose their sex organs to unsuspecting
individuals. Exhibitionists are often identified by the repetitive, compulsive
and patterned nature of their acts.
An elevated (70th percentile or higher) Exhibitionism Scale score
identifies people with exhibitionistic tendencies. Severe Problem (90th
to 100th percentile) scorers have a high probability of being
exhibitionists.
7.
Incest Classification:
Measures incestuous behavior, i.e., having sexual relations with a family
member. Incest refers to coitus between persons related by blood or marriage,
e.g., parents, siblings or children. Non-coital forms of sexual intercourse do
not constitute incest.
8.
Alcohol Scale:
Measures alcohol use and the severity of abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine
and other liquor. It is a licit or legal substance. An elevated (70th
to 89th percentile) Alcohol Scale score is indicative of an emerging
drinking problem. An Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th
to 100th percentile) range identifies serious drinking problems.
A history of alcohol problems could result in an abstainer (current non-drinker)
attaining a Low to Medium Risk score on the alcohol scale. Consequently,
precautions have been built into the SAI to correctly identify "recovering
alcoholics."
The client's answer to the
"recovering alcoholic" question (item 216) is printed on page 5 of the SAI
report for easy reference.
In addition, elevated Alcohol Scale paragraphs caution staff to clarify if the
client is a recovering alcoholic.
In interview and treatment settings, the Alcohol Scale score helps staff work
through client denial. Most clients accept the objective and standardized
Alcohol Scale score as accurate and relevant. This is particularly true when it
is explained that elevated scores don't occur by chance. Clients must answer a
definite pattern of alcohol-related admissions for an elevated score to occur.
9.
Drugs Scale:
Measures drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to marijuana, crack,
cocaine, ice, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin. These are illicit
substances. An elevated (70th to 89th percentile) Drugs
Scale score is indicative of an emerging drug problem. A Drugs Scale score in
the Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) range
identifies serious illicit drug users.
Similar to the Alcohol Scale, a history of drug-related problems could result in
an abstainer (drug history, but not presently using or abusing drugs) attaining
a Low to Medium Risk score. Precautions have been built into the SAI to
correctly identify "recovering" drug abusers.
The client's answer to the
"recovering drug abuser" question (item 216) is printed on page 5 of the SAI
report for easy reference. In
addition, elevated Drugs Scale paragraphs caution staff to clarify if the
client is a recovering drug abuser.
In intervention and treatment settings, the client's Drugs Scale score helps
staff work through client denial. This is particularly effective when it is
explained to the client that the SAI is a standardized assessment instrument
that has been administered to thousands of defendants and patients.
When both the Drug and Alcohol Scales are elevated, the higher score typically
represents the client's substance of choice. When both the Alcohol and Drug
Scales are in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile)
range, polysubstance abuse is likely.
"Includes a Violence
(Lethality) Scale"
10.
Violence (Lethality) Scale:
Measures the client's use of physical force to injure, damage or destroy. The
Violence Scale identifies people who are dangerous to themselves and others.
An ever-present concern when evaluating sex offenders is their violence and
lethality potential. An elevated (70th to 89th percentile)
Violence Scale score is indicative of emerging violent behavior in a
potentially dangerous person. A Violence Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th
to 100th percentile) range identifies very dangerous individuals.
Excluding the two truthfulness scales, Violence Scale findings are of interest
when reviewing both sex-related scales and non-sex-related scale scores. This
wide applicability emphasizes the important role of the Violence Scale in the
SAI.
11.
Antisocial Scale:
Measures the attitudes and behavior of selfish, ungrateful, callous and
egocentric people who seem to be devoid of responsibility and fail to learn
from experience. From a social perspective, their conduct often appears hostile
with little guilt or remorse. Extreme cases are called sociopaths.
An elevated (70th to 89th percentile) Antisocial Scale
score identifies people in an early antisocial stage of development. An
Antisocial Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) range identifies people with severe antisocial attitudes.
Court-related evaluators are increasingly interested in exploring a defendant's
antisocial tendencies. This reflects the growing awareness of the role of
antisocial attitudes and thinking in violent crimes.
12.
Distress Scale:
Measures two symptom clusters (anxiety and depression) that, taken together,
represent distress. The blending of these symptom clusters is clear in the
definition of dysphoria, i.e., a generalized feeling of anxiety, resentment and
depression.
Anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state characterized by apprehension, stress,
nervousness and tension. Depression refers to a dejected emotional state that
includes melancholy, dysphoric mood and despair. Added together, you have a
very uncomfortable person who may be overwhelmed and, in extreme cases, on the
verge of giving up.
An elevated (70th to 89th percentile) Distress Scale score
identifies hurting individuals that need help. A Distress Scale score in the
Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) range
identifies people on the verge of being emotionally overwhelmed. These
individuals are often desperate and need help. Consideration might be given to
referring such individuals to a certified/licensed mental health professional
for a diagnosis, prognosis and treatment plan.
13.
Impulsiveness Scale:
Impulsiveness is often described as activities abruptly engaged in without
forethought, reflection or consideration of consequences. Impulsive people are
characterized by a tendency to act hastily and without reflection.
Impulsivity has been linked to sex offenses, violence and substance abuse
(alcohol and other drugs). As noted earlier, impulsiveness characterizes
offenders that do things on the spur of the moment, with little forethought or
consideration of consequences. Elevated Impulsiveness Scale scores (or
impulsiveness per se) can interact with all SAI scales (both sex-related and
non-sex-related scales). Consequently, elevated Impulsiveness Scale scores can
be problematic by themselves or even more so in combination with other elevated
SAI scales.
An elevated (70th percentile or higher) Impulsiveness Scale score
characterizes people that are impulsive and often act without deliberation.
Although quick to act or respond these people are not out of control. Severe
Problem Risk (90 to 100th percentile) scorers are very impulsive
people who typically act without forethought or consideration of consequences
in most, if not all of their life. Impulsivity could be a factor in their
offending if such were to occur. Impulsiveness could be an important
contributing factor in sexual offending per se.
The SAI-Juvenile is adapted from the Sexual Adjustment Inventory. It identifies
sexual deviance and paraphilias in juveniles accused or convicted of sex
offenses. Click on the following link to go to the
SAI-Juvenile webpage.
"Both adult and juvenile
sex offender tests"
SUMMARY
In summary, the SAI assesses attitudes and behaviors that yield a sex offender
profile. Paper-pencil test administration takes on average one hour. SAI tests
are computer-scored on-site with reports printed in 3 minutes.
The SAI is an automated (computer-scored) sex offender assessment instrument or
test. It is much more than just another alcohol or drug test. The thirteen SAI
scales collect a vast amount of information that is important in sex offender
evaluation. It measures important attitudes and behaviors missed by other
tests. Each SAI scale score is classified in terms of the severity of risk it
represents. These risk ranges are:
SAI
RISK RANGES
Risk
Range
Risk
Range Percentile
Low Risk
0 - 39%
Medium Risk
40 - 69%
Problem Risk
70 - 89%
Severe Problem
90 - 100%
An
elevated score
is a scale score at or above the 70th percentile. A
Problem
Risk score is a scale score between the 70th and 89th percentile.
A
Severe Problem
score is at or above the 90th percentile.
SAI
Report
In brief, SAI reports summarize the client's self-reported history, explain what
attained scores mean and offer specific score-related recommendations.
Within 3 minutes of test data entry, automated (computer-scored) 5-page reports
are printed on-site. These reports summarize a lot of information in an easily
understood format. For example, these reports include an SAI profile (graph)
for sex-related scales (page 2) and non-sex-related scales (page 3), which
summarize client findings at a glance. Also included are attained scale scores,
an explanation of what each score means and specific score-related
recommendations.
Significant items (direct admissions) are highlighted, and answers to the
built-in interview (the last sequence of multiple-choice items) are presented.
Emphasis is placed on having meaningful reports that are easily understood.
To go directly to the example SAI report, click on the SAI Report link. After
reviewing the report, you can return to this section by clicking on the "Return
to SAI Reports Section" link.
Software
The SAI is available in Windows diskettes. Windows diskettes require a one-time
computer setup procedure after which SAI data diskettes are used. Training
manuals are provided, and new test users can be walked through these procedures
over Behavior Data Systems, Ltd.'s (BDS')
telephone line.
Proprietary SAI diskettes contain 25 or 50 test applications. These 3½"
diskettes score, interpret and print SAI reports on-site. Once an SAI account
is established, ordered diskettes are mailed to users. When all test
applications are used, diskettes are returned to Behavior Data
Systems where the test data and demographics are downloaded
into the SAI database for subsequent research analysis. The proprietary "delete
names" program is activated by the test user with a few keystrokes to delete
all client names from diskettes before they are returned to Behavior
Data Systems. Deleting all client names insures client
confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R.
164.501).
The "SAI: Orientation and Training Manual" explains how the SAI works and should
be read by staff. The "SAI: Computer Operating Guide" explains how to score
tests, print or store reports and discusses other unique SAI computer-related
features.
"Provides a sound
empirical
basis for decisions"
SAI Database
The SAI test contains a proprietary database. Earlier, it was noted that all SAI
used diskettes are returned to Behavior Data Systems,
and the test data along with related demographics (age, gender, ethnicity,
etc.) are downloaded into the SAI database. This database allows ongoing
research and testing program summary -- capabilities that were not possible
before. Ongoing research insures quality control. Test program summaries
provide program self-evaluation.
The
built-in database
permits ongoing research and annual program summary -- at no additional cost.
As discussed earlier, when the 25 or 50 tests on a diskette are used, that
diskette is returned to Behavior Data Systems,
checked for any viruses and downloaded into the expanding SAI database. This
proprietary database includes thousands of sex offenders' test data. Advantages
of a built-in database are many and include database (research) analysis and
annual summary reports.
Returned diskettes can be summarized on a state, institution, department or
agency basis -- at no additional cost to users. Annual summary reports provide
information for testing program self-evaluation. An example annual summary
report can be reviewed by clicking on the Annual Summary Reports
link.
In summary, having all used SAI test data centrally filed at Behavior
Data Systems' offices in the SAI database has many
advantages. Database analysis permits ongoing cost efficient research that
includes scale alpha coefficients, frequency distributions, correlations,
ANOVA, cross-tab statistics along with reliability, validity and accuracy
determinations. We continue to study the effects of demographics as they relate
to sex offenders' behavior. An SAI research study can be reviewed by clicking
on the SAI Research Study link.
Annual Summary Reports
Behavior Data Systems can access each of its
tests' built-in databases for statistical analysis and summarization of all
tests administered in a year. Annual Summary Reports are prepared for state,
department, agency and even some individual providers -- at no cost to them.
These reports are provided as a professional courtesy to large volume test
users. Summary reports include demographics, court-history when relevant, and
test statistics (reliability, validity and accuracy). Has anyone offered to
summarize your testing program? Annually? At no additional cost to you? Minimum
testing volume for annual reports is 350 tests. There is no maximum limit.
Behavior Data Systems' annual reports range in size from 350
tests to over 55,000 tests annually. An example Annual Summary Report can be
viewed by clicking on this Annual Summary Reports
link.
Reliability, Validity and Accuracy
The SAI has a built-in database that insures inclusion of all tests administered
in a confidential (no names) manner. These reliability, validity and accuracy
statistics are reported in the document titled "SAI: An Inventory of Scientific
Findings." Annual database analysis has shown that SAI scales maintain
very high reliability coefficients and minimum interscale corrections.
An SAI research study involving 3,616 sex offenders is presented at the end of
this webpage. To go directly to this research, click on the SAI Research Study
link. This research link is also repeated at the end of this webpage.
The internal consistencies (coefficient alphas) for SAI scales are reported in
the following table for 1,318 sex offenders screened in the year 2000. This is
one of several analyses done in the year 2000.
SAI RELIABILITY (N=1,318, 2000)
SAI
Scales
Coefficient
Alpha
Significance
Level
Test Item Truthfulness
.88
p<.001
Sex Item Truthfulness
.85
p<.001
Sexual Adjustment
.85
p<.001
Child Molest
.85
p<.001
Sexual Assault
.87
p<.001
Exhibitionism
.85
p<.001
Incest Classification
.84
p<.001
Alcohol Scale
.94
p<.001
Drugs Scale
.92
p<.001
Violence Scale
.89
p<.001
Antisocial Scale
.86
p<.001
Distress Scale
.88
p<.001
Impulsiveness Scale
.84
p<.001
All SAI scales have alpha coefficients well above the professionally accepted
standard of .75 and are highly reliable. All coefficient alphas are significant
at the p<.001 level.
SAI research extends over 8 years. Many studies have been conducted on thousands
of sex offenders using several validation methods. The SAI was validated with
other tests, e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Much of
this research is summarized in the document titled "SAI: An Inventory of
Scientific Findings." Subsequently, discriminant validity (first versus
multiple offenders) and predictive validity (treatment versus non-treatment)
database analysis studies support SAI reliability and validity. This database
research is ongoing. To review additional research, click on the SAI Research Study.
Research Publication:
Nebraska Probation Department's Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP)
selection process was automated with Behavior Data Systems
tests. These tests include the Driver Risk Inventory-II, SAQ-Adult Probation
III, Domestic Violence Inventory and the ACDI-Corrections Version II. This
research is reported in Edward C. Birkel and David L. Wegner's article (2000).
"Accurate Intensive Supervision Probation Selection: Revisited." American
Probation and Parole Association, Prospectives, Vol. 24, #4 Fall, pp. 18-21. To
read this article click on the Perspectives Research Article
link.
"State-of-the-art in
sex offender screening"
Advantages of Screening
Screening or assessment instruments filter out individuals with serious problems
that may require referral for further evaluation and, where warranted,
treatment. This filtering system works as follows:
SAI
RISK RANGES
Risk
Category
Risk
Range
Percentile
Total
Percentage
Low Risk
0 - 39%
39%
Medium Risk
40 - 69%
30%
Problem Risk
70 - 89%
20%
Severe Problem
90 -100%
11%
Reference to the above table shows that a problem is not identified until a
scale score is at the 70th percentile or higher, and these risk
range percentiles are based upon SAI database analysis. This procedure is
eminently fair and avoids extremes, i.e., over-identification and
under-identification of problems.
An agency or departmental policy might refer clients with identified problems
(70th percentile and higher or 31%) for further evaluation,
intervention or treatment services. In this case, 31% of the sex offenders
screened (Problem Risk and Severe Problem) would be referred. Or, policy might
only refer clients with serious problems (Severe Problem, 11%) for additional
services.
In these examples, 69% or 89% (contingent upon
adopted policy) of the people screened would not be referred for additional
(and expensive) services.
Budgetary savings (dollars)
would be large with no compromises in clients receiving appropriate evaluation
and/or treatment services.
Indeed, more sex offenders would receive help. Without an objective screening
program, there is more risk of over or under-utilization of additional
professional services.
Staff Member Input:
The SAI is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment.
When available, adjustment records should be reviewed, as they can contain
important information not provided or incorrectly provided by the client.
Experienced staff should also interview the client. For these reasons, the
following statement is contained in each SAI report: "Sexual Adjustment
Inventory (SAI) results are confidential and should be considered working
hypotheses. No diagnosis or decision should be based solely upon SAI results.
The SAI is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment and review
of available records."
Unique SAI Features
Test Item Truthfulness Scale:
Measures how truthful the sex offender was while answering non-sex-related
items. The non-sex-related scales include: Alcohol, Drugs, Violence
(Lethality), Antisocial, Distress and the Impulsiveness Scales.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale:
Measures how truthful the sex offender was while answering sex-related items.
The sex-related scales include: Sexual Adjustment, Child (Pedophile) Molest,
Sexual (Rape) Assault, Exhibitionism Scales and the Incest Classification.
Truth-Corrected Scores:
Are very important for assessment accuracy. These proprietary truth correction
programs are comparable to the MMPI K-Scale correction. The two SAI
Truthfulness Scales have been correlated with the scales they truth-correct,
which are listed above. These two scales are:
1.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale and
2.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale. Truth Correction equations then convert raw scores
to Truth-Corrected Scores. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw
scores.
Comprehensive Scoring With One Test.
In addition to truthfulness measures to determine if the sex offender is
minimizing problems or faking good, the SAI screens sexual deviate and
paraphiliac behaviors. And, the SAI doesn't stop there. In addition to
sex-related scales like Sexual Adjustment, Child Molest, Sexual Assault,
Exhibitionism and Incest, the SAI assesses non-sexual attitudes and behaviors
that are commonly associated with sexual abuse. Here, we are speaking of the
Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale, Violence (Lethality) Scale, Antisocial Scale,
Distress Scale and Impulsiveness Scale. Consequently, the SAI measures many
attitudes and behaviors missed by other tests. These behaviors are important in
understanding sexual offenders. The SAI is specifically designed for
comprehensive sex offender assessment. It provides the information needed for
understanding sexual offenders and their behavior.
Three ways to give the SAI:
The SAI can be administered in three different ways:
1.
Paper-pencil test booklet format is the most popular testing procedure. SAI
test booklets are available in English and Spanish.
2.
SAI tests can be given directly on the computer screen. Some sex offender
programs dedicate computers for SAI testing in English or Spanish. And,
3.
Human voice audio in English and Spanish. Human voice audio presentation of the
SAI requires a headset and simple instructions for using the computer up-down
arrow keys. As the client goes from question to answer, that question or answer
is highlighted on the screen (monitor) and simultaneously read to the client.
These three SAI administration modes are discussed in the "SAI: Orientation and
Training Manual."
Each test administration mode has advantages and some limitations.
Behavior Data Systems offers these three testing modes so
test users can select the administration mode that is optimally suited to their
needs.
"Alternatives for reading
impaired assessment"
Reading impaired assessment:
Reading impaired clients represent 20+ percent of sex offenders tested. This
represents a serious problem to other sex offender tests. In contrast,
Behavior Data Systems has developed an alternative for
dealing with this problem: Human Voice Audio.
Human Voice Audio:
Presentation of the SAI in English and Spanish helps resolve many reading
problems and cultural difference issues. Clients' passive vocabularies (what
they hear) are often greater than their active vocabularies (what they speak).
Hearing items read out loud often helps reduce both cultural and communication
problems. This SAI Human Voice Audio administration mode requires a computer,
earphones and simple instructions regarding how to operate the up-down arrow
keys on the computer keyboard.
Confidentiality:Behavior Data Systems encourages test users to delete client
names from diskettes before they are returned to Behavior Data
Systems. Once client names are deleted, they are gone and
cannot be retrieved. Deleting client names does not delete demographics or test
data, which is downloaded into the SAI database for subsequent analysis. This
proprietary name deletion procedure involves a few keystrokes and insures
client confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R.
164.501).
Test Data Input Verification:
Allows the person that inputs test data from the answer sheet into the
computer to verify the accuracy of their data input. In brief, test data is
input twice, and any inconsistencies between the first and second data entries
are highlighted until corrected. When the first and second data entries match
or are the same, the staff person can continue. This proprietary test data
input verification procedure is optional, yet it is strongly recommended by
Behavior Data Systems.
Inventory of Scientific
Findings:
Much of the SAI research has been gathered together in one document titled
"SAI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." This document summarizes SAI
research chronologically - as the studies were completed. This innovative
chronological reporting format was established largely because of the SAI
database, which permits annual database analysis of all tests administered. It
also allows the reader to observe the evolution of the SAI into its current
state-of-the-art status.
Orientation and Training Manual:
The SAI: Orientation and Training Manual (O&T Manual) explains how the SAI
works. This manual is a must read for staff that will be using the SAI. O&T
Manual content includes, but is not limited to, the following: instructions for
testing, explanation of how scores are derived, description of how court and
corrections information is used, description of unique SAI features and much,
much more. The O&T Manual is comprehensive and free.
Computer Operating Guide:
Some computer operators want more information than others. Consequently,
Behavior Data Systems provides a One-Page Quick Start, which
includes basic instructions for scoring, and a more comprehensive SAI: Computer
Operating Guide. The Computer Operating Guide contains instructions for using
MS-DOS as well as Windows software. This manual discusses hardware, software,
scoring, printing reports, unique program features and much more. This manual
is provided free.
Staff Training:Behavior Data Systems' staff are available to
participate in SAI training programs. Behavior Data Systems'
staff typically participates in 4-hour or 6-hour training sessions. This
training can include hands-on computer scoring, as desired. Behavior
Data Systems gives attendees certificates attesting to their
SAI training.
Staff training is also provided on Fridays at Behavior Data
Systems' Phoenix offices from 8:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. or
from 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. These training sessions are free. To participate,
contact Behavior Data Systems at least ten
days in advance. Participation is on a first call, first scheduled basis.
SAI Test Unit Fee (Cost):
The following link takes interested parties to a description of the SAI's Test
Unit Fee or cost. Click on the the SAI Test Unit Fee (Cost) link for a complete discussion
of SAI cost.
SAI-JUVENILE
The SAI has been modified for juvenile use. The juvenile version of the SAI is
called the SAI-Juvenile. The SAI-Juvenile is designed to identify sexually
deviate and paraphiliac behavior in juveniles accused or convicted of sexual
offenses.
The SAI-Juvenile has 230 items and takes 45 minutes to one hour to complete.
SAI-Juvenile reports are scored and printed on-site within 3 minutes. The
SAI-Juvenile has the same 13 measures (scales) as the adult SAI. These are: 1.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale, 2. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale, 3. Sexual
Adjustment Scale, 4. Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale, 5. Sexual (Rape) Assault
Scale, 6. Exhibitionism Scale, 7. Incest Classification, 8. Alcohol Scale, 9.
Drugs Scale, 10. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 11. Antisocial Scale, 12. Distress
Scale and 13. Impulsiveness Scale.
In the SAI-Juvenile, much of the sexual deviancy language couldn't be changed.
However, attempts were made to lower the SAI-Juvenile reading level. The
SAI-Juvenile sex-related language is needed because much of the sexual deviancy
and paraphiliac semantics are unique. To obtain relevant sex offender
information, you have to ask specific sex-related questions.
The SAI-Juvenile has all the SAI's unique features, which have been discussed in
this document. The SAI-Juvenile is designed to obtain comprehensive sex
offender information. The SAI-Juvenile screens many relevant areas of inquiry
in an objective and standardized manner. The SAI-Juvenile is to be used in
conjunction with a review of available records, interview by experienced staff
and victims/family interviews when possible. Interested parties can click on
the SAI-Juvenile link to go directly to the
SAI-Juvenile webpage.
Why Select the SAI?
The SAI meets and exceeds most sex offender screening criteria. It is endorsed
by users and is widely used in the United States. The SAI has repeatedly been
demonstrated to be reliable, valid and accurate. Ongoing research continues to
study and adjust for demographics like age, gender and ethnicity.
The SAI's thirteen scales are comprehensive. It identifies sexually deviate and
paraphiliac behavior in people accused or convicted of sexual offenses. In
addition, the SAI explores important attitudes and behaviors that are all too
commonly associated with inappropriate and illegal sexual acts. Here, we are
discussing substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, violence (lethality)
predispositions, antisocial thinking, feelings of distress along with
impulsiveness. In many sex offender cases, these attitudes and behaviors
represent important areas of inquiry.
The SAI's built-in database facilitates cost efficient database analysis and
annual testing program summary. These two unique features -- ongoing database
analysis and annual summary reports -- are provided free.
Client's SAI reports are timely (available on-site in 3 minutes), readable and
easy to understand. Score related recommendations are relevant. It is
reasonable to conclude the SAI is the state-of-the-art in contemporary sex
offender screening. And, Behavior Data Systems
doesn't stop there! The SAI is very affordable.
SAI Test Unit Fee (Cost)
SAI cost information can be reviewed by clicking on the
Test Unit Fee (Cost) link. There is only the one cost or charge, and
that is the test unit fee. Everything else is included at no additional cost to
the test user. This includes test booklets, answer sheets, training manuals,
upgrades, ongoing database research, annual summary testing reports, staff
training, and support services. Do not be misled by some test publishers' à la
carte pricing like separate costs for each test administration as well as for
each of the test-related items listed above. Instead of asking for the test
administration cost, ask for the total cost involved in using a test. We
believe Behavior Data Systems' one test unit
fee is very affordable.
Free Examination Kit
A one-test demonstration diskette is available on a 30-day cost free basis. Demo
diskettes are in Windows format so that all the software is contained on the
diskette. This way, the one-time Windows setup program is avoided at the demo
level. This examination kit has a 1-test demo diskette, test booklet
(reusable), answer sheet (can photocopy), an SAI Orientation and Training
Manual, One-Page Quick Start and some descriptive materials. Behavior
Data Systems does want the demonstration diskette and test
booklet returned within 30 days.
Selecting a Sex Offender Screening Test
If you are selecting a sex offender (male and female) assessment instrument, the
following Comparison Checklist should prove helpful. This checklist itemizes
important assessment and screening qualities. The "Other" column represents any
other test you might want to compare to the Sexual Adjustment Inventory.
TEST COMPARISON CHECKLIST
COMPARISON
CATEGORIES
SAI
Other
Designed specifically for sex offender assessment
Yes
Standardized on thousands of sex offenders
Yes
Test reliability & validity research provided
Yes
Test completed in one hour
Yes
On-site reports within 3 minutes
Yes
Test Item Truthfulness Scale to detect faking
Yes
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale to detect faking
Yes
Truth-Corrected scores (improve accuracy)
Yes
Three test administration options
Yes
1. Paper-pencil (English and Spanish)
Yes
2. On computer screen (English and Spanish)
Yes
3. Human voice audio (English and Spanish)
Yes
Delete Client Names (insures confidentiality)
Yes
HIPAA (federal
regulation) Compliant
Yes
Comprehensive assessment (13 scales or measures)
Yes
Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale
Yes
Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale
Yes
Exhibitionism Scale
Yes
Incest Classification
Yes
Sexual Adjustment Scale
Yes
Substance (alcohol and drugs) Abuse Scales
Yes
Violence (Lethality) Scale
Yes
Antisocial Scale
Yes
Distress Scale
Yes
Impulsiveness Scale
Yes
Research database built-in
Yes
SAI-Juvenile version
Yes
Includes relevant criminogenic needs
Yes
Multiple scales for predicting recidivism
Yes
ASAM Compatible Recommendations
Yes
Staff Training (Free)
Yes
Examination Kits (Free)
Yes
Very Affordable Test Unit Fee
Yes
SAI SCALE INTERPRETATION
An example five-page Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) report follows this
discussion of SAI interpretation. It is provided as a ready reference to
augment this dialogue. To go directly to the example SAI report, click on
the SAI Report link. There are several levels of SAI
interpretation ranging from viewing the SAI as a self-report to interpreting
scale elevations and scale interrelationships.
The following table is a starting point for interpreting SAI scale scores.
SAI Risk Ranges
Risk
Category
Risk
Range
Percentile
Total
Percentage
Low Risk
0 - 39%
39%
Medium Risk
40 - 69%
30%
Problem Risk
70 - 89%
20%
Severe Problem
90 - 100%
11%
A problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70th percentile
or higher.
Elevated scale scores
refer to percentile scores that are at or above the 70th percentile.
Problem Risk
(70th to 89th percentile) scores indicate that the
respondent has problems in the areas measured by the scale.
Severe problems
are indicated when a scale score is at or above the 90th percentile.
Severe Problem risk scorers have very serious problems. Severe Problem scores
represent the highest 11 percent of respondents evaluated with the SAI. The SAI
has been normed on thousands of sex offenders, and the normative sample
continues to expand with each SAI test that is administered.
SCALE INTERPRETATION
An SAI interpretation includes all 13 SAI scales and how they interact. Such an
endeavor, although worthwhile, exceeds this document's purpose. The following
discussion is limited to sex-related scales. This includes the Sex Item
Truthfulness Scale and the five sexual deviate/paraphiliac scales and their
interaction. Discussion of the Test Item Truthfulness Scale and the six non-sex
item scales comes later in this scale interpretation discussion.
Space does not allow a complete discussion of the interaction between sexual
deviate/ paraphiliac scales and non-sex item scales. These interrelationships
are often a part of the sexual incident or encounter that has brought the
defendant to the court's attention.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale:Measures how truthful the respondent
was while completing scales containing sex items. SAI items are direct with no
attempt to deceive or trick respondents; consequently, items with a sexual
connotation are easily recognized. The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale is designed
to detect the bright sex offender who answers non-sex related items honestly,
but minimizes, denies or attempts to fake sex-related item answers.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 70th percentile do
not occur by chance. These elevated scale scores require a definite pattern of
deviant answers for them to occur.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the
89th percentile mean that all sex-related scale scores are accurate.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 90th percentile
mean that all sexual deviate/paraphiliac scales are inaccurate or invalid.
Reasons for such invalidity include client problem minimization, reading things
into test items that aren't there or the client was attempting to fake good.
Clients with reading impairments may also score in the Severe Problem (90th
to 100th percentile) range. A few questions about the client's
education and reading abilities usually clarify the presence of a reading
impairment.
Some paraphilias are rather common to sex offenders and these include: sexual
adjustment (unsatisfying sex life), child (pedophile) molestation, sexual
(rape) assault, exhibitionism (exposure of genitals) and incest (sex with close
family member). People with paraphilias often manifest several varieties at the
same time.
Sexual Adjustment Scale:
Measures a client's self-reported sexual satisfaction. This scale
reflects the client's satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their sex life.
Elevated scores (70th percentile or higher) indicate
dissatisfaction; whereas, Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile)
scorers reveal an impaired or very unsatisfying sexual adjustment. Sexual
Adjustment scores at or above the 70th percentile do not occur by
chance. Elevated scale scores require a definite pattern of deviant answers to
the scale's items for a score at or above the 70th percentile to
occur.
A person's sexual adjustment is compared with society's standards, rules, norms
and statutes. Some people's sexual attitudes and behaviors are unacceptable in
our society because they are harmful to others. In these cases, the people
involved are classified as sexually maladjusted. We do not have to judge the
causes, motives or purposes of such behaviors to classify them as maladjusted.
Most people in our society agree (or disagree) with each Sexual Adjustment
Scale item.
The assessor (evaluator or staff) should review all other SAI scale scores to
identify codeterminants and stressors. For example, a client could have an
elevated Sexual Adjustment Scale score along with other sexual deviate scores.
The "other" elevated scale score(s) could add guilt, concern or distress to the
respondent's perceived sexual adjustment. Other elevated SAI scale scores could
exacerbate existing problems or concerns and thereby contribute to a client's
perceived sexual maladjustment. Sexual Adjustment Scale scores can be
interpreted independently or in combination with other SAI scale scores.
Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale:
Measures "pedophilia" or the client's interests and sexual urges
involving prepubescent children. Note that isolated sexual acts with children
do not necessarily warrant the Pedophile label.
Pedophilia refers to a pathological sexual interest in children. Regardless of
the etiology, pedophile's sexual expression is released toward children.
Attraction to girls is reported twice as much as sexual attraction to boys.
Problem Risk (70th to 89th percentile) Child Molest Scale
scorers are attracted to young boys and girls. Severe Problem (90th to
100th percentile) scorers have established sexual interests in young
boys and/or girls. They have a high probability of engaging in pedophilia. They
are capable of acting on their urges. However, child molestation should be
independently corroborated whenever possible.
An elevated (70th or higher percentile) Child (Pedophile) Molest
Scale score does not occur by chance. A definite pattern of deviant responses
is required to have an elevated Child Molest score.
Other elevated sexual deviate/paraphiliac scales in conjunction with an elevated
Child Molest Scale score identify other important areas for further inquiry.
Similarly, elevated non-sex item scales could identify psychosocial stressors.
For example, a Severe Problem Alcohol or Drugs Scale score in combination with
an elevated Child Molest Scale score could influence the direction of
subsequent inquiry. The Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale score can be interpreted
independently or in combination with other SAI scale scores.
Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale:
Measures sexual violence proneness. Rape refers to sexual assault or
sexual intercourse against the will and over the objections of the client's
partner. Sexual assault is often accompanied by force or the threat of force.
Many believe rape is not so much a sexual act as an act of hostility and
aggression. Rape is a crime of violence. However, Sexual Assault and Violence
Scale scores can vary because of the sexual versus non-sexual nature of these
scales' items. Both females and males can be raped. Rapists usually inflict
some degree of bodily injury in forcing themselves upon their victims.
A Problem Risk (70th to 89th percentile) Sexual Assault
Scale score is observed in sexually aggressive people with sexually violent
tendencies. A Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile)
Sexual Assault Scale score identifies people that either fantasize or engage in
violent sex. These individuals are capable of sexual assault.
An elevated (70th to 89th percentile) or Severe Problem
(90th to 100th percentile) Sexual Assault Scale score
does not occur by chance. A definite pattern of deviant responses is required
to have an elevated Sexual Assault Scale score. Severe Problem (90th
to 100th percentile) Sexual Assault Scale scorers have a high
probability of sexual assault.
Other elevated SAI scale scores in conjunction with a Severe Problem Sexual
Assault Scale score can provide insight into the sex offender's situation while
identifying important areas for subsequent inquiry. For example, a Severe
Problem Violence Scale score in conjunction with an elevated Sexual Assault
Scale score would influence subsequent inquiry and treatment. This person is
violent in life as well as in sexual relationships. All that is needed is a
triggering mechanism like opportunity, alcohol or drugs. The Sexual (Rape)
Assault Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other SAI
scale scores.
Exhibitionism Scale:
Measures the probability of the client exposing their genitals
to a stranger. In these instances, there is generally no attempt at further
sexual activity with the stranger. Exhibitionism is defined in the DSM-IV (p.
256) as "recurrent intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or
behaviors involving the exposure of one's genitals to an unsuspecting
stranger." Exhibitionism is one of the most common or prevalent sexual
deviations.
A characteristic common to all forms of sexual deviation is their repetitive,
compulsive and patterned nature. This is particularly evident in exhibitionism.
A Problem Risk (70th to 89th percentile) Exhibitionism
Scale score identifies people with exhibitionistic tendencies. A Severe Problem
(90th to 100th percentile) Exhibitionism Scale score
identifies people with a high probability of being exhibitionists. The
Exhibitionism Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with
other SAI scale scores.
Incest Classification:
Measures incestuous behavior. Incest refers to coitus between persons related
by blood or marriage, i.e., parents, siblings or children. Non-coital forms of
sexual intercourse do not constitute incest. And, incest does not refer to
persons of the same sex. Incest is most common between brother and sister, and
the next most common form is between father and daughter. Incest is a criminal
act.
Of the six non-sex item scales, the Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale and the Incest
Scale could be important factors involved in initial incestuous relationships.
However, incest has many character disorder features. It is a complex term
involving moral, social and religious attitudes.
Summary of sex-related SAI
scales:
The Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) is designed to identify sexually deviate
and paraphiliac behavior in people accused, convicted or treated for sexual
offenses.
The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale determines if the client was open and honest
while answering sex-related items. These sex-related scales include the Sexual
Adjustment Scale, Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale, Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale,
Incest Classification and Exhibitionism Scale. The remaining seven non-sex
item scales will now be discussed.
The SAI is designed for paraphilia and sexual offender assessment. Yet, it
contains other areas of inquiry that are also important in understanding the
sex offender. The SAI is much more than just another sex test. The SAI measures
a wide variety of behaviors considered important in sex offender evaluations.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale:
Measures how truthful the client was while completing non-sex items in
the SAI. It identifies guarded and defensive people who attempt to minimize
their problems or fake good. It also identifies reading impaired clients.
The Test Item Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with non-sex item scales in
the SAI. A Truth Correction equation then converts raw scale scores to
Truth-Corrected scores. Raw scores reflect what the client wants you to know.
Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the client is trying to hide.
Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 90th percentile
mean that all non-sex item scales are inaccurate or invalid. Reasons for such
invalidity include client minimization of problems, reading things into items
that aren't there, or the client was attempting to fake good.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the
89th percentile mean that all non-sex item scale scores are
accurate.
Clients with reading impairments may also score in the Severe Problem (90th
to 100th percentile) range. A few questions about the client's
education and reading abilities usually clarify the presence of a reading
impairment. If the client can read the newspaper, he/she can read the SAI.
Why two truthfulness
scales?
In sex offender evaluation, it is important to know if the client is truthful.
The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale determines if the client was truthful when
answering test items with an obvious sexual connotation. In contrast, the Test
Item Truthfulness Scale determines if the client was truthful when answering
non-sex-related items.
These two truthfulness scales are presented (percentile score and graph)
adjacent to each other on the first page of the SAI report to facilitate easy
comparison. At a glance, SAI users know:
a.
If the client lied to sex item questions,
b.
If the client lied to non-sex item questions,
c.
If the client lied to both sex-related and non-sex-related questions, or
d.
If the client answered SAI items honestly. These truth versus dishonest answer
options are straight-forward yet very important when evaluating sex offenders.
These proprietary truthfulness scales provide a wealth of respondent
information before staff even look at SAI scale scores. Other assessment
instruments and tests do not provide such information about client honesty.
Comparison of these truthfulness scales provides considerable insight into
client motivation, evasiveness strategies (if they exist) and intent.
Alcohol Scale:Measures the severity of alcohol use or abuse. Alcohol refers to
beer, wine or other liquor. Alcohol use or abuse is often an important factor
to be understood when evaluating people accused or convicted of a sex offense.
Alcohol is a significant problem in our society. The harm associated with
alcohol abuse -- mental, emotional and physical -- is well documented. All too
frequently, sex offenders state they were intoxicated when the offense
occurred.
A Problem Risk (70th to 89th percentile) Alcohol Scale
score identifies emerging drinking problems. An Alcohol Scale score in the
Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) range
identifies serious and established drinking problems.
Elevated Alcohol Scale and Drugs Scale scores indicate polysubstance abuse, and
the higher score often reflects the client's substance of choice. Elevated
Alcohol Scale and Violence Scale scores are a malignant sign. Alcohol abuse can
magnify a person's violent tendencies. Similarly, alcohol abuse can serve as a
release mechanism for antisocial thinking and behavior. Alcohol Scale scores in
the Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) range
compound client risk even more. Judgment often decreases as alcohol consumption
increases. Elevated Alcohol and Distress Scale scores may initially represent
an attempt to self-medicate, while intoxication may exacerbate suicidal
ideation. The more of these scales that are elevated with the Alcohol Scale,
the more problem prone the client's situation becomes. The Alcohol Scale can be
interpreted individually or in combination with other SAI scale scores. When
alcohol abuse is problematic, it becomes an important part of the sex
offender's treatment program.
Drugs Scale:
Measures drug use and abuse. Illicit drug use has become a serious problem in
our society. Drugs refer to marijuana, crack, cocaine, ice, amphetamines,
barbiturates and heroin.
A Problem Risk (70th to 89th percentile) Drugs Scale score
identifies emerging drug problems. A Severe Problem (90th to 100th
percentile) Drugs Scale score identifies established and very serious drug
problems.
Elevated Alcohol, Violence, Antisocial and Distress Scales with an elevated
Drugs Scale score are malignant signs. Drug abuse can be part of polysubstance
(drugs and alcohol) abuse, exacerbate violent tendencies, magnify antisocial
beliefs (paranoia) and further impair judgment. Elevated Drugs and Distress
Scale scores may represent attempts at self-medication; whereas, severe scores
may represent suicidal thinking and acting out potential. The more of these
scales that are elevated with the Drugs Scale, the more problem prone the
client's situation becomes. The Drugs Scale can be interpreted individually or
in combination with other scale scores. When drug use is problematic, it
becomes an important factor to be worked through in sex offender treatment
programs.
Violence (Lethality) Scale:
Measures the client's use of physical force to injure, damage and destroy. The
Violence Scale identifies people who are dangerous to themselves and others.
A Problem Risk (70th to 89th percentile) Violence Scale
score identifies violence prone individuals. A Violence Scale score in the
Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) range
identifies very violent and dangerous people. Some people are "violence prone"
and often have a chip on their shoulder. They are sensitive to perceived
insults, want to "get even" and overtly act out with little provocation.
Elevated Alcohol, Drugs, Antisocial and Distress Scales with an elevated
Violence Scale are dangerous combinations because each of these scales
represent potential violence magnifiers. When the elevated Distress Scale score
is higher than the elevated Violence Scale score, anticipate an emotionally
overwhelmed person who is in great pain and manifesting suicidal thinking.
Elevated Antisocial Scale and Violence Scale scorers are problematic in that
the clients may externalize their violent feelings to others, authority,
institutions or federal agencies. Severe Problem Violence Scale scorers are
dangerous to themselves and others. The Violence Scale can be interpreted
individually or in combination with other SAI scale scores.
Antisocial Scale:
Measures aggressive, impulsive and sometimes violent behavior that flouts
social and ethical codes, such as laws relating to personal and property
rights. Antisocial people are often opposed to society or existing
organizations and moral codes. Antisocial attitudes and behavior are
characterized by lack of responsibility, poor judgment and a seeming inability
to learn from experience.
Elevated Antisocial Scale scores in the Problem Risk (70th to 89th
percentile) range identify emerging antisocial tendencies. An Antisocial Scale
score in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile)
range identifies established and extreme antisocial attitudes and behavior.
Elevated Antisocial and Violence Scale scores represent a dangerous profile in
which the client often focuses their violent actions against society and its
institutions. The higher the scores, the more dangerous the individual.
Elevated Alcohol and Drugs Scales are often associated with impaired judgment.
Judgment impairments become more extreme as these scale scores escalate into
the Severe Problem range.
An elevated Antisocial Scale score in combination with an elevated Distress
Scale score can be problematic, particularly in the Severe Problem range. These
scale scores often identify people on the verge of being emotionally
overwhelmed (anxiety, depression and distress) with established antisocial
thinking exacerbated. In these instances, the client feels progressively more
and more isolated and desperate. Such people can be dangerous to themselves and
others. The Antisocial Scale can be interpreted individually or in combination
with other SAI scale scores.
Distress Scale:
Measures experienced pain (physical and mental) hurt and suffering. The
Distress Scale provides a quantitative score that varies directly with the
client's self-reported symptoms. This definition of distress incorporates
medical problems, pain and suffering. Distress is one of the most common
reasons people initiate counseling or psychotherapy. And, it often serves as
the beginning point in clinical inquiry.
The magnitude of the Distress Scale is important.
Elevated scores at or above the 70th percentile level indicate that
something is wrong. Distress Scale scores in the Severe Problem (90th
to 100th percentile) range indicate the client is hurting, on the
verge of being overwhelmed and desperate. These individuals are often desperate
and need help. Consideration should be given to referring these individuals to
a certified/licensed mental health professional for a diagnosis and treatment
plan.
Sometimes, elevated Alcohol and Drugs Scale scores in conjunction with an
elevated Distress Scale score identify hurting individuals that are attempting
to self-medicate. Concurrently elevated Violence and Distress Scale scores are
problematic. The highest Severe Problem score can provide insight regarding
internalization (suicide) or externalization (explosive/homicide) of
frustration, hostility and distress. These are malignant prognostic signs.
Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) Antisocial and
Distress Scale scores are descriptive of a very dangerous person. Add in an
elevated Violence Scale, and such a person could engage in terrorist type
behaviors. The Distress Scale can be interpreted independently or in
combination with other SAI scales. An elevated Distress Scale score with
elevated sex-related scales would have a very direct interpretation in terms of
dissatisfaction, unhappiness or guilt. A person with a Severe Problem Distress
Scale score typically will readily discuss their feelings with a sincerely
interested staff member.
Impulsiveness Scale:
Identifies people that abruptly engage in activities without adequate
forethought, reflection or consideration of consequences. There are several
definitions of "impulsive" on the web that use a variety of words like "without
forethought," "capricious," "whim," "undue haste" and "impetuous."
An elevated (70th percentile or higher) Impulsiveness Scale score characterizes
people that are impulsive and often act without deliberation. Although quick to
act or respond these people are not out of control. Problem risk (70 to 89th
percentile) scorers are hasty and tend to act without reflection or
consideration of consequences. Problem risk Impulsiveness Scale scorers are
capable of impulsive offending. In contrast, Low Risk (zero to 39th percentile)
scorers and Medium Risk scorers would not engage in impulsive offending as they
would typically deliberate, think of the consequences and act with forethought.
Severe Problem Risk (90 to 100th percentile) scorers are very impulsive people
who typically act without forethought or consideration of consequences in most,
if not all of their life. Impulsivity could be a factor in their offending if
such were to occur. Impulsiveness could be an important contributing factor in
sexual offending per se.
SAI SUMMARY
As stated earlier, the following table is a starting point for interpreting SAI
scale scores.
SAI RISK RANGES
Risk
Category
Risk
Range
Percentile
Total
Percentage
Low Risk
0 - 39%
39%
Medium Risk
40 - 69%
30%
Problem Risk
70 - 89%
20%
Severe Problem
90 - 100%
11%
A problem is not identified until a scale score is at or above the 70th
percentile.
Elevated
scale scores refer to percentile scores that are at or above the 70th
percentile.
Severe Problem
scores are at or above the 90th percentile. Problem Risk scores
represent
20 percent
of respondents evaluated with the SAI. Severe Problem scores represent the
highest
11 percent
of respondents evaluated with the SAI. The SAI has been normed on thousands of
sex offenders, and this normative sample continues to expand with each SAI test
that is administered.
SAI SCALE SUMMARY
THIRTEEN
SAI SCALES
1. Test Item Truthfulness Scale
2. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale
3. Sexual Adjustment Scale
4. Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale
5. Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale
6. Exhibitionism Scale
7. Incest Classification
8. Alcohol Scale
9. Drugs Scale
10. Violence Scale
11. Antisocial Scale
12. Distress Scale
13. Impulsiveness Scale
Sex offender assessment is particularly complex, involving clinical
considerations (victim and perpetrator), concern about harm to others and legal
issues. Such evaluation should include record review, interviews and test
results. No decision should be based solely upon test results.
In conclusion, the Sexual Adjustment Inventory, or SAI, measures a wide variety
of attitudes and behaviors that are important for understanding sex offenders.
In addition to identifying sexual deviates and paraphilias, the SAI quantifies
client substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, violence and lethal acting
out potential, antisocial thinking, distress (anxiety and depression) and
impulsiveness. The SAI provides information important for the identification
and understanding of people that inappropriately act on their sexual urges.
Additional information can be
provided upon request.
Within 3 minutes of test data entry, automated (computer-scored) 5-page reports
are printed on-site. These reports summarize a lot of information in an easily
understood format. For example, these reports include a SAI profile (graph)
for sex-related scales (page 2) and non-sex-related scales (page 3), which
summarize client findings at a glance. Also included are attained scale scores,
an explanation of what each score means and specific score-related
recommendations. Significant items (direct admissions) are highlighted, and
answers to the built-in interview (last sequence of multiple choice items) are
presented. Emphasis is placed on having meaningful and understandable reports.
Reference
Lindeman, H. H. (2005), Chapter 7, Sex Offender Tests
SAI and SAI-Juvenile.
Schwartz, B.A. (Ed.), The Sex Offender: Issues in
Assessment, Chapter 7, Volume V (pp. 7-1 -- 7-32)
Civic Research Institute.
Lindeman, H. H. (2011), Chapter 2, Sex Offender Assessment
Sexual Adjustment Inventory.
Schwartz, B.A. (Ed.), Handbook of Sex Offender Treatment
Chapter 22 (pp. 22-1 -- 22-36). Civic Research Institute.
Additional information can be provided upon request by writing:
Behavior Data Systems, Ltd. P.O. Box 44256 Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4256.
Our telephone number is (602) 234-3506
Our fax number is (602) 266-8227
and our e-mail address is
bds@bdsltd.com.
