BDSLtd.com - Sexual Adjustment Inventory - Juvenile -----------------------------

The Sexual Adjustment Inventory-Juvenile, or SAI-Juvenile, identifies sexual deviance and paraphilias in juveniles accused or convicted of sex offenses. The SAI-Juvenile has 195 items, takes 45 minutes to an hour to complete, and reports are scored and printed on-site within 3 minutes.

APPLICATION
SAI-Juvenile
Juvenile sexual offender assessment Court-related sexual offender evaluation Psychologist and mental health professionals evaluations Identification of sexually deviate and paraphiliac behavior	Sex offender treatment programs Juvenile screening in probation and corrections Specialized sex offender caseload evaluations Individual and group counseling screening

The SAI-Juvenile identifies sexually deviate and paraphiliac behavior in juveniles (males and females) accused or convicted of sexual offenses. The SAI-Juvenile has 13 scales (measures): 1. Test Item Truthfulness, 2. Sex Item Truthfulness, 3. Sexual Adjustment, 4. Child Molest, 5. Sexual (Rape) Assault, 6. Exhibitionism, 7. Incest, 8. Violence (Lethality), 9. Antisocial, 10. Distress, 11. Judgment, 12. Alcohol and 13. Drugs. Most sex offenders try to minimize their problems, which magnifies the importance of the two truthfulness scales. The SAI-Juvenile has proven to be a reliable, accurate and objective sex offender assessment instrument or test.

1. Test Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the client was while completing the test's non-sex-related items. Juveniles can distinguish between sex-related and non-sex-related items. And, some juveniles only minimize or lie to non-sex-related items. Non-sex-related scales include: the Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale, Violence (Lethality) Scale, Antisocial Scale, Distress Scale and the Judgment Scale.

A Test Item Truthfulness Scale score in the Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) range means that non-sex-related scale scores are accurate because they have been Truth-Corrected. Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the 89^th percentile mean all non-sex-related scales are accurate. Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range mean that all non-sex-related scale scores are inaccurate and invalid.

The Test Item Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with all the non-sex-related scales. Then, each scale's proprietary conversion equation transforms raw scores to Truth-Corrected percentile scores. Raw scores reflect what the juvenile wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the juvenile is trying to hide. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores.

Comparison of the Test Item Truthfulness Scale score with the Sex Item Truthfulness Scale score provides insight into the juvenile's test taking motivation. The higher of these two scale scores usually represents the juvenile's greatest area of concern. That is why these two truthfulness scales (sex item and non-sex item) are presented together on the first page of the SAI-Juvenile report.

2. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the juvenile was while answering sex-related questions. The SAI-Juvenile has a very open or candid approach to sex-related items and makes no attempt to trick or deceive the respondent. Consequently, sex-related items are easily recognized. A juvenile that wants to minimize sex-related problems or concerns might answer non-sex-related items honestly, but minimize, deny or lie when answering sex-related items. In that case (attempting to fake good), the Sex Item Truthfulness Scale would detect the juvenile's problem minimization to sex-related items.

The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with all other sex-related scales. Then, each sex-related scale's proprietary conversion equation transforms raw scale scores into Truth-Corrected percentile scores. Truth-Corrected scale scores are more accurate than raw scores. Sex-related scales include: Sexual Adjustment Scale, Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale, Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale, Exhibitionism Scale and the Incest Scale.

Elevated (at or above the 70^th percentile) scores indicate the respondent is minimizing problems and attempting to fake good. However, Truth-Corrected scale scores in the Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) range indicate that all sex-related scale scores are accurate. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 90^th percentile indicate that all sex-related scale scores are not accurate or are invalid. In contrast, a Sex Item Truthfulness Scale score at or below the 89^th percentile means that all sex-related scale scores are accurate. This is discussed in the "SAI: Orientation and Training Manual."

3. Sexual Adjustment Scale: Measures the juvenile's self-reported sexual adjustment. A high score reveals sexual dissatisfaction in a juvenile with an impaired (as compared to other juveniles) and unsatisfying sexual lifestyle or adjustment.

The Sexual Adjustment Scale includes sex-related items that most juveniles in our society would agree or disagree with. Norming the Sexual Adjustment Scale on both normals and sexual deviates allows comparison scoring. The greater the difference, the greater the impairment. For example, a juvenile could have an elevated Sexual Adjustment Scale score along with other sexual deviate scores. The "other" elevated scale score(s) could add guilt, concern or distress to the respondent's perceived sexual adjustment.

The Sexual Adjustment Scale score provides a background from which other sex-related issues can be better understood. For example, is the juvenile manifesting a high Child Molest Scale score satisfied or not satisfied with their sexual adjustment? Similar insights could apply to other sex-related (sexual assault, exhibitionism and incest) scale scores.

4. Child Molest (Pedophile) Scale: Measures a juvenile's sexual interests, urges and fantasies involving prepubescent children. Pedophilia is a pathological sexual interest in children. Isolated sexual acts with a child do not necessarily warrant the classification of pedophilia. And, the child molester is often unable to comprehend the reason for his/her actions.

Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) range scorers have greater than average interest in young boys and/or girls. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) risk scorers have an abnormal interest in children (young boys and/or girls). They have a high probability of being pedophiles.

Consequences associated with Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Child Molest Scale scores vary according to the evaluation's purpose. For example, pedophile classification, referrals to a licensed mental health professional for a diagnosis and treatment plan, probation/incarceration decision making and treatment options are representative of such outcomes.

5. Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale: Measures sexual assault proneness. Rape refers to sexual assault or sexual intercourse against the will and over the objections of the partner. It is often accompanied by force or the threat of force.

Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) range scorers have more than an average interest in aggressive sex and often fantasize about forceful sex against the will of their partner. They are capable of sexual assault. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) risk scorers have a high probability of sexual assault.

The role of non-sex-related SAI-Juvenile scales becomes apparent in court-related sexual assault evaluations. For example, substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, violence (lethality) potential and a juvenile's judgment are very common areas of inquiry. The 13 SAI-Juvenile scales were selected because they provide important information on their own merits and in terms of their relationship with each other.

6. Exhibitionism Scale: Measures a person's need to expose their sex organs to unsuspecting individuals. Exhibitionists are often identified by their repetitive, compulsive and patterned nature of the acts.

An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile or higher) Exhibitionism Scale score identifies people with exhibitionistic tendencies. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) scorers have a high probability of being exhibitionists.

7. Incest Scale: Measures incestuous behavior, i.e., having sexual relations with a family member. Incest refers to coitus between persons related by blood or marriage, e.g., parents, siblings or children. Non-coital forms of sexual intercourse do not constitute incest.

Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) range scorers are interested in incest. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) scorers have a high probability of incestuous behavior. It is important to determine if they were the aggressor or the victim. A few questions are usually all that's necessary to establish the client's role in any incestuous relationship.

8. Violence (Lethality) Scale: Measures the adolescent's use of physical force to injure, damage or destroy. The Violence Scale identifies youths who are dangerous to themselves and others.

An ever-present concern when evaluating sex offenders is their violence and lethality potential. An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Violence Scale score is indicative of emerging violent behavior in a potentially dangerous person. A Violence Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies very dangerous juveniles. Excluding the two truthfulness scales, Violence Scale findings are of interest when reviewing both sex-related scales and non-sex-related scales' scale scores. This wide applicability emphasizes the important role of the Violence Scale.

9. Antisocial Scale: Measures the attitudes and behavior of selfish, ungrateful, callous and egocentric juveniles who seem to be devoid of responsibility and fail to learn from experience. From a social perspective, their conduct often appears hostile with little guilt or remorse. Extreme cases are called sociopaths.

An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Antisocial Scale score identifies people in an early antisocial stage of development. An Antisocial Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies adolescents with severe antisocial attitudes. Court-related evaluators are increasingly interested in exploring a defendant's antisocial tendencies. This reflects the growing awareness of the role of antisocial attitudes and antisocial thinking in violent perpetrators.

10. Distress Scale: Measures two symptom clusters (anxiety and depression) that, taken together, represent distress. The blending of these symptom clusters is clear in the definition of dysphoria, i.e., a generalized feeling of anxiety, resentment and depression.

Anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state characterized by apprehension, stress, nervousness and tension. Depression refers to a dejected emotional state that includes melancholy, dysphoric mood and despair. Added together, you have a very uncomfortable person who may be overwhelmed and, in extreme cases, on the verge of giving up.

An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Distress Scale score identifies hurting individuals that need help. A Distress Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies juveniles on the verge of being emotionally overwhelmed. These youths are often desperate and need help. Consideration might be given to referring these juveniles (90^th to 100^th percentile scorers) to a certified/licensed mental health professional for a diagnosis, prognosis and written treatment plan.

11. Judgment Scale: Measures a person's ability to compare facts or ideas, to understand relationships and draw conclusions. Judgment involves both understanding and comprehension. As judgment decreases, juvenile risk increases. Judgment is necessary for a person to understand the consequences of their actions.

An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Judgment Scale score identifies people that are relatively unaware and easily manipulated or exploited. They, in turn, can act without thinking through or fully considering the consequences of their behavior. A Judgment Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range reflects a person who has poor judgment. They can be easily confused and may act without full regard to future consequences.

The correlation between judgment as defined herein and intellectual ability has not been empirically demonstrated. Consequently, it would be a mistake to generalize judgment to intellectual functioning.

An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Judgment Scale score identifies juveniles with impaired judgment. They may also be slow to comprehend relationships and be easily influenced by others. As noted earlier, judgment refers to a person's ability to compare facts and ideas in understanding relationships necessary for drawing conclusions.

12. Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol use and the severity of abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine and other liquor. It is a licit or legal substance. An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Alcohol Scale score is indicative of an emerging drinking problem. An Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious drinking problems.

A history of alcohol problems could result in an abstainer (current non-drinker) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score on the Alcohol Scale. Consequently, precautions have been built into the SAI-Juvenile to correctly identify "recovering alcoholics."

The juvenile's answer to the "recovering alcoholic" question (item 177) is printed on page 5 of the SAI-Juvenile report for easy reference. In addition, elevated Alcohol Scale paragraphs caution staff to clarify if the juvenile is a recovering alcoholic.

In interview and treatment settings, the Alcohol Scale score helps staff work through juvenile denial. Most juveniles accept the objective and standardized Alcohol Scale score as accurate and relevant. This is particularly true when it is explained that elevated scores don't occur by chance. Juveniles must answer a definite pattern of alcohol-related admissions for an elevated score to occur.

13. Drugs Scale: Measures drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to marijuana, crack, cocaine, ice, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin. These are illicit substances. An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) Drugs Scale score is indicative of an emerging drug problem. A Drugs Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious illicit drug users.

Similar to the Alcohol Scale, a history of drug-related problems could result in an abstainer (drug history, but not presently using or abusing drugs) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score. Precautions have been built into the SAI-Juvenile to correctly identify "recovering drug abusers." Click on the SAI-Juvenile Example Report link to review an example SAI-Juvenile report.

The juvenile's answer to the "recovering drug abuser" question (item 177) is printed on page 5 of the SAI-Juvenile report for easy reference. In addition, elevated Drugs Scale paragraphs caution staff to clarify if the juvenile is a recovering drug abuser.

In intervention and treatment settings, the juvenile's Drugs Scale score helps staff work through juvenile denial. This is particularly effective when it is explained to the youth that the SAI-Juvenile is a standardized assessment test that has been administered to thousands of adolescents.

When both the Drugs and Alcohol Scales are elevated, the higher score usually represents the juvenile's substance of choice. When both the Alcohol and Drugs Scales are in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range, this means polysubstance abuse is likely.

In summary, the SAI-Juvenile assesses attitudes and behaviors that yield a sex offender profile. Paper-pencil test administration takes on average forty-five minutes. SAI-Juvenile tests are computer-scored on-site with reports printed within 2½ minutes of data entry.

The SAI-Juvenile is an automated (computer-scored) sex offender instrument or test. It is much more than just another alcohol or drug test. The thirteen SAI-Juvenile scales collect a lot of information that is important in sex offender evaluation. It measures important attitudes and behaviors missed by other tests.

Each SAI-Juvenile scale score is classified in terms of the severity of risk it represents. These risk ranges are:

An elevated score is a scale score at or above the 70^th percentile. A Problem Risk score is a scale score between the 70^th and 89^th percentiles. A Severe Problem score is at or above the 90^th percentile.

In brief, SAI-Juvenile reports summarize the juvenile's self-reported history, explain what attained scores mean and offer specific scale score-related recommendations.

Within 2½ minutes of test data entry, automated (computer-scored) 5-page reports are printed on-site. These reports summarize a lot of information in an easily understood format. For example, these reports include an SAI-Juvenile profile (graph) for sex-related scales (page 2 of the report) and non-sex-related scales (page 3 of the report), which summarizes client findings at a glance. Also included are attained scale scores, an explanation of what each score means and specific score-related recommendations.

Significant items (direct admissions) are highlighted, and answers to the built-in structured interview (last sequence of items) are presented. Emphasis is placed on having meaningful reports that are easily understood.

The SAI-Juvenile is available in Windows diskettes. Windows diskettes require a one-time computer setup procedure after which SAI-Juvenile data diskettes (25 or 50 test applications) are used. Training manuals are provided, and new test users can be walked through these procedures by Behavior Data Systems' staff.

Proprietary SAI-Juvenile diskettes contain 25 or 50 test applications. These 3½" diskettes score, interpret and print SAI-Juvenile reports on-site. Once an SAI-Juvenile account is established, ordered diskettes are mailed to users. When all test applications are used, diskettes are returned to Behavior Data Systems where the test data and demographics are downloaded into the SAI-Juvenile database for subsequent research analysis.

The proprietary "delete names" program is activated with a few keystrokes to delete all juvenile names from the diskettes before they are returned to Behavior Data Systems. Deleting all juvenile names insures confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

The "SAI: Orientation and Training Manual" explains how the SAI-Juvenile works and should be read by staff. The "SAI: Computer Operating Guide" explains how to score tests, print or store reports and discusses other unique SAI-Juvenile computer-related functions.

The SAI-Juvenile system contains a proprietary database. Earlier, it was noted that all SAI-Juvenile used diskettes are returned to Behavior Data Systems, and the test data is downloaded into the SAI-Juvenile database. This database allows ongoing research and testing programs summary -- capabilities that were not possible before. Ongoing research insures quality control. Test program summaries provide for program self-evaluation.

The built-in database permits ongoing research and annual program summary -- at no additional cost to test users. As discussed earlier, when the 25 or 50 tests on a diskette are used up, that diskette is returned to Behavior Data Systems and downloaded into the expanding SAI-Juvenile database. This proprietary database includes sex offenders' test data. Advantages of a built-in database are many and include database (research) analysis and annual summary reports.

The information (data) on returned diskettes can be summarized on a state, institution, court, department or agency basis - at no additional cost to users. Annual summary reports provide information for summarizing testing programs. And, these summaries facilitate program self-evaluation. An example summary report can be reviewed by clicking on the Annual Summary Report link.

No personal information, names, social security numbers, etc. are ever downloaded into any test database.

In summary, having all used SAI-Juvenile tests' data centrally filed at Behavior Data Systems offices has many advantages. Database analysis permits ongoing cost efficient research that includes scale alpha coefficients, frequency distributions, correlations, ANOVA, cross-tab statistics along with reliability, validity and accuracy determinations. And, we continue to study the impact of demographics as they relate to sex offender behaviors.

Behavior Data Systems can access each of its tests' built-in databases for statistical analysis and summarization of all tests administered in a year. Annual Summary Reports are prepared for state, department, agency and even some individual providers - - at no cost to them. These reports are provided as a professional courtesy to large volume test users. Summary reports include demographics, court-history when relevant, and test statistics (reliability, validity and accuracy). Has anyone offered to summarize your testing program? Annually? At no additional cost to you? Minimum testing volume for annual reports is 350 tests. There is no maximum limit. Behavior Data Systems annual reports range in size from 350 tests to over 55,000 tests annually. An example Annual Summary Report can be viewed by clicking on this Annual Summary Report link.

The SAI-Juvenile has a built-in database that insures inclusion of all tests administered in a confidential (no names) manner. These reliability, validity and accuracy studies are reported in the document titled "SAI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Annual database analysis has shown that SAI-Juvenile scales maintain very high reliability coefficients and minimum interscale correlations.

For example, the internal consistencies (coefficient alphas) for SAI-Juvenile scales are reported here for 766 juvenile sex offenders in the year 2002.

All SAI-Juvenile scales have alpha coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .75 and are highly reliable. All coefficient alphas are significant at the p<.001 level.

The SAI and SAI-Juvenile were validated with other tests, e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 16 PF, ACDI-Corrections Version II, Juvenile Substance Abuse Profile, etc. Much of this research is summarized in the document titled "SAI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Subsequently, ongoing database research supports SAI-Juvenile reliability, validity and accuracy.

Screening or assessment instruments filter out juveniles with serious problems that may require further evaluation and, where warranted, counseling or treatment. This filtering system works as follows:

Reference to the above table shows that a problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70^th percentile or higher. These risk range percentiles are based upon SAI-Juvenile database analysis. This procedure is eminently fair and avoids extremes, i.e., over-identification and under-identification of problems.

An agency, court or departmental policy might refer juveniles with Severe Problems (90^th to 100^th percentile) for further evaluation, intervention or treatment. Severe Problem referrals represent 11% of the troubled youths tested. In this case, 11% of the juveniles screened (Severe Problem) would be referred. Or, policy might refer juveniles with identified problems (70^th percentile or higher) for further evaluation and/or treatment services. In this case, 31% of the juvenile sex offenders screened (Problem Risk and Severe Problem) would be referred. In these examples, 89% or 69% (contingent upon adopted policy) of the juveniles screened would not be referred for additional (and expensive) services.

Budgetary savings (dollars) would be large with no compromises in juveniles receiving appropriate evaluation and/or treatment services. Indeed, more sex offenders would receive help. Without an objective screening program, there is more risk of over or under-utilization of additional professional services.

Sometimes, it helps when comparing two juvenile sex offender assessment instruments or tests to have a comparison checklist. This is particularly true when comparing tests. The SAI-Juvenile is unique in that it incorporates both sex-related and equally important non-sex-related areas of inquiry. And, it is an understatement to emphasize that juvenile sex offender tests must be reliable, valid and accurate.

If you are selecting a juvenile sex offender assessment instrument, the following Comparison Checklist should prove helpful. It lists important screening test qualities. The "Other" column represents any other test you might want to compare to the SAI-Juvenile.

Staff Member Input: The SAI-Juvenile is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment. When available, adjustment records should be reviewed, as they can contain important information not provided or incorrectly provided by the client. Experienced staff should also interview the client. For these reasons, the following statement is contained in each SAI-Juvenile report: "Sexual Adjustment Inventory-Juvenile (SAI-Juvenile) results are confidential and should be considered working hypotheses. No diagnosis or decision should be based solely upon these results. The SAI-Juvenile is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment and review of available records."

Adult Version of the SAI-Juvenile : The Sexual Adjustment Inventory identifies adult sexual deviance and paraphilias in persons accused or convicted of sex offenses. Click on the following link to go to the Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) webpage.

Test Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the sex offender was while answering non-sex-related items. The non-sex-related scales include: the Alcohol, Drugs, Violence (Lethality), Antisocial, Distress and the Judgment Scales.

Sex Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the sex offender was while answering sex-related items. The sex-related scales include: the Sexual Adjustment, Child (Pedophile) Molest, Sexual (Rape) Assault, Exhibitionism and the Incest Scales.

Truth-Corrected Scores: Have proven to be very important for assessment accuracy. This proprietary truth correction process is comparable to the MMPI's K-Scale correction. The SAI-Juvenile's Truthfulness Scales have been correlated with the other scales. The Truth Correction equation converts raw scores to Truth-Corrected scores. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores. Raw scores reflect what the juvenile wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the juvenile is attempting to hide.

More than just another alcohol or drug test. The SAI-Juvenile is much more than just another alcohol or drug test. The thirteen SAI-Juvenile scales collect a vast amount of information that is important in sex offender evaluation. It measures important attitudes and behaviors missed by other tests.

Three ways to give the SAI-Juvenile. The SAI-Juvenile can be administered in three different ways: 1. Paper-pencil test booklet format is the most popular testing procedure. SAI-Juvenile English and Spanish test booklets and answer sheets are available. 2. Tests can be given directly on the computer screen in English and Spanish. Some agencies dedicate computers for SAI-Juvenile testing. And, 3. Human Voice Audio in English or Spanish is available. This involves a headset. The juvenile uses the up-down arrow keys. As the juvenile goes from question to answer with the arrow keys, that question or answer is highlighted on the monitor and concurrently read to the juvenile. These three test administration modes are discussed in the "SAI: Orientation and Training Manual." Each test administration mode has advantages and some limitations. Behavior Data Systems offers these three test modes so test users can select the administration mode that is optimally suited to their needs.

This test is scheduled to be added to our online testing platform, www.online-testing.com.

Reading Impaired Assessment:Reading impaired juveniles represent 20+ percent of the juveniles tested. This represents a serious problem to other sex offender tests. Behavior Data Systems has developed an alternative for dealing with this problem: Human Voice Audio.

Human Voice Audio: Presentation of the SAI-Juvenile is in English and Spanish. Juveniles' passive vocabularies are often greater than their active vocabularies. Hearing items read out loud often helps reduce cultural and communication problems. This administration mode requires earphones and simple instructions to orient the juvenile to the up-down arrow keys on the computer keyboard. Human Voice Audio is an alternative approach for screening reading impaired juveniles.

Confidentiality: Behavior Data Systems encourages test users to delete juvenile names from diskettes before they are returned to Behavior Data Systems. Once juvenile names are deleted, they are gone and cannot be retrieved. Deleting juvenile names does not delete demographics or test data, which is downloaded into the SAI-Juvenile database for subsequent analysis. This proprietary name deletion procedure involves a few keystrokes and insures juvenile confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

Test Data Input Verification: Allows the person that inputs test data from the answer sheet into the computer to verify the accuracy of their data input. In brief, test data is input twice, and any inconsistencies between the first and second data entries are highlighted until corrected. When the first and second data entries match or are the same, the staff person can continue. This proprietary Data Input Verification procedure is optional, yet strongly recommended by Behavior Data Systems.

Inventory of Scientific Findings: Much of the SAI-Juvenile research has been gathered together in the document titled "SAI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." This document summarizes SAI-Juvenile research chronologically - as the studies were completed. This chronological reporting format was established largely because of the SAI-Juvenile database, which permits annual database analysis of all tests administered.

Orientation and Training Manual: The "SAI: Orientation and Training Manual" (O&T Manual) explains how the SAI-Juvenile works. It is a must read for staff that will be using the SAI-Juvenile. O&T Manual content includes, but is not limited to, the following: instructions for testing, an explanation of how scores are derived, a clarification of how court-related information is used, a description of unique SAI-Juvenile features and much more.

Staff training is also provided on Fridays at Behavior Data Systems Phoenix offices from 8:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. or from 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. These training sessions are free. To participate, contact Behavior Data Systems at least ten days in advance. Participation is on a first call, first scheduled basis.

Test Unit Fee (Cost): SAI-Juvenile cost information can be reviewed by clicking on the Prices link. There is only the one cost or charge and that is the test unit fee. This fee includes test booklets, answer sheets, test administrations, training manuals, upgrades, ongoing database research, annual summary test program reports, staff training and support services. Do not be misled by some test publishers à la carte pricing, like separate cost for each test administration as well as for each of the test related items listed above. Instead of asking for the test administration cost, ask for the total cost involved in using a test. We believe Behavior Data Systems' one test unit fee is very affordable.

Free Examination Kit: A 1-test demonstration diskette is available on a 30-day cost free basis. Demo diskettes are in Windows format. The Examination Kit includes a 1-test demo diskette, installation CD (with instructions), test booklet, answer sheet and some descriptive materials. Behavior Data Systems, Ltd. does want the test booklet and diskette returned within 30 days.

Epilogue: The SAI-Juvenile is the product of over 25 years of licensed psychologist experience evaluating juvenile defendants, many of whom were sex offenders. Frustrated with plethysmograph and interview issues, the intent was to develop a practical, psychometrically sound and helpful test. Practical in terms of time. Psychometrically sound in terms of reliability, validity and accuracy. And, helpful in terms of the information obtained. It's gratifying to know that many other evaluators and assessors agree that we have attained these goals.

An example five-page Sexual Adjustment Inventory-Juvenile (SAI-Juvenile) report follows this discussion of the SAI-Juvenile interpretation. It is provided as a ready reference to augment this dialogue. There are several levels of SAI-Juvenile interpretation ranging from viewing the SAI-Juvenile as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and scale interrelationships.

An SAI-Juvenile interpretation includes all 13 SAI-Juvenile scales and how they interact. Such an endeavor, although worthwhile, exceeds this document's purpose. The following discussion is limited to sex-related scales. This includes the Sex Item Truthfulness Scale and the five sexual deviate/paraphiliac scales and their inter-actions. Discussion of the Test Item Truthfulness Scale and the six non-sex item scales comes later in the scale interpretation discussion.

Space does not allow for a complete discussion of the interaction between sexual deviate/paraphiliac scales and non-sex-item scales. These interrelationships are often a part of the sexual incident or encounter that has brought the defendant to the court's attention.

SIX SEX-RELATED SCALES

Sex Related Scales Summary

Sex Item Truthfulness Scale

Sexual Adjustment Scale

Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale

Sexual Rape Assault Scale

Exhibition Scale

Incest Scale

Sex Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the juvenile was while completing the scales containing sex items. SAI-Juvenile items are direct with no attempt to deceive or trick juveniles; consequently, items with a sexual connotation are easily recognized. The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale is designed to detect the bright sex offender who answers non-sex-related items honestly, but minimizes, denies or attempts to fake sex-related item answers.

Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 70^th percentile do not occur by chance. These elevated scale scores require a definite pattern of deviant answers for them to occur. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the 89^th percentile mean that all sex-related scale scores are accurate. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 90^th percentile mean that all sexual deviate/paraphiliac scales are inaccurate or invalid. Reasons for such invalidity include juvenile problem minimization, reading things into test items that aren't there or the juvenile was attempting to fake good.

Clients with reading impairments may also score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range. A few questions about the juvenile's education and reading abilities usually clarify the presence of a reading impairment.

Some paraphilias are rather common to sex offenders, and these include sexual adjustment (unsatisfying sex life), child (pedophile) molestation, sexual (rape) assault, exhibitionism (exposure of genitals) and incest (sex with close family member). People with paraphilias often manifest several varieties at the same time.

Sexual Adjustment Scale: Measures a juvenile's self-reported sexual satisfaction. This scale reflects the juvenile's satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their sex life. Elevated scores (70^th percentile or higher) indicate dissatisfaction; whereas, Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) scorers reveal an impaired or very unsatisfying sexual adjustment. Sexual Adjustment Scale scores at or above the 70^th percentile do not occur by chance. Elevated scale scores require a definite pattern of deviant answers to the scale's items for a score at or above the 70^th percentile to occur.

A person's sexual adjustment is compared with society's standards, rules, norms and statutes. Some people's sexual attitudes and behaviors are unacceptable in our society because they are harmful to others. In these cases, the people involved are classified as sexually maladjusted. We do not have to judge the causes, motives or purposes of such behaviors to classify them as maladjusted. Most people in our society agree (or disagree) with each Sexual Adjustment Scale item.

The assessor (evaluator or staff) should review all other SAI-Juvenile scale scores to identify co-determinants and stressors. For example, a juvenile could have an elevated Sexual Adjustment Scale score along with other sexual deviate scores. The "other" elevated scale score(s) could add guilt, concern or distress to the juvenile's perceived sexual adjustment. Other elevated SAI-Juvenile scale scores could exacerbate existing problems or concerns and thereby contribute to a juvenile's perceived sexual maladjustment. Sexual Adjustment Scale scores can be interpreted independently or in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scale scores.

Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale: Measures pedophilia or the juvenile's interests and sexual urges involving prepubescent children. Note that isolated sexual acts with children do not necessarily warrant the pedophile label.

Pedophilia refers to a pathological sexual interest in children. Regardless of the etiology, pedophiles' sexual expression is released toward children. Attraction to girls is reported twice as much as sexual attraction to boys.

Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) Child Molest Scale scorers are attracted to young boys and girls. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) scorers have established sexual interests in young boys and/or girls. They have a high probability of engaging in pedophilia. They are capable of acting on their urges. However, child molestation should be independently corroborated whenever possible.

An elevated (70^th or higher percentile) Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale score does not occur by chance. A definite pattern of deviant responses is required to have an elevated Child Molest Scale score.

Other elevated sexual deviate/paraphiliac scales in conjunction with an elevated Child Molest Scale score identify other important areas for further inquiry. Similarly, elevated non-sex item scales could identify psychosocial stressors. For example, a Severe Problem Alcohol or Drugs Scale score in combination with an elevated Child Molest Scale score could influence the direction of subsequent inquiry. The Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale score can be interpreted independently or in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scale scores.

Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale: Measures sexual violence proneness. Rape refers to sexual assault or sexual intercourse against the will and over the objections of the juvenile's partner. Sexual assault is often accompanied by force or the threat of force. Many believe rape is not so much a sexual act as an act of hostility and aggression. Rape is a crime of violence. However, Sexual Assault and Violence Scale scores can vary because of the sexual versus non-sexual nature of these scales' items. Both females and males can be raped. Rapists usually inflict some degree of bodily injury in forcing themselves upon their victims.

A Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) Sexual Assault Scale score is observed in sexually aggressive people with sexually violent tendencies. A Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Sexual Assault Scale score identifies people that either fantasize or engage in violent sex. These individuals are capable of sexual assault.

An elevated (70^th to 89^th percentile) or Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Sexual Assault Scale score does not occur by chance. A definite pattern of deviant responses is required to have an elevated Sexual Assault Scale score. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Sexual Assault Scale scorers have a high probability of sexual assault.

Other elevated SAI-Juvenile scale scores in conjunction with a Severe Problem Sexual Assault Scale score can provide insight into the sex offender's situation while identifying important areas for subsequent inquiry. For example, a Severe Problem Violence Scale score in conjunction with an elevated Sexual Assault Scale score would influence subsequent inquiry and treatment. This person is violent in life as well as in sexual relationships. All that is needed is a triggering mechanism like opportunity, alcohol or drugs. The Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scale scores.

Exhibitionism Scale: Measures the probability of the juvenile exposing their genitals to a stranger. In these instances, there is generally no attempt at further sexual activity with the stranger. Exhibitionism is defined in the DSM-IV (p. 256) as "recurrent intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the exposure of one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger." Exhibitionism is one of the most common or prevalent sexual deviations.

A characteristic common to all forms of sexual deviation is their repetitive, compulsive and patterned nature. This is particularly evident in exhibitionism.

A Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) Exhibitionism Scale score identifies people with exhibitionistic tendencies. A Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Exhibitionism Scale score identifies people with a high probability of being exhibitionists. The Exhibitionism Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scale scores.

Incest Scale: Measures incestuous behavior. Incest refers to coitus between persons related by blood or marriage, i.e., parents, siblings or children. Non-coital forms of sexual intercourse do not constitute incest. And, incest does not refer to persons of the same sex. Incest is most common between brother and sister, and the next most common form is between father and daughter. Incest is a criminal act.

Of the six non-sex item scales, the Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale and the Judgment Scale could be important factors involved in initial incestuous relationships. However, incest has many character disorder features. It is a complex term involving moral, social and religious attitudes. The Incest Scale can be interpreted independently of other scale scores.

Summary of sex-related SAI-Juvenile scales: The Sexual Adjustment Inventory-Juvenile (SAI-Juvenile) is designed to identify sexually deviate and paraphiliac behavior in people accused, convicted or treated for sexual offenses. To see how these sex-related scales (measures) are reported click on the SAI-Juvenile Example Report link.

The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale determines if the juvenile was open and honest while answering sex-related items. These sex-related scales include the Sexual Adjustment Scale, Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale, Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale, Incest Scale and Exhibitionism Scale. The remaining seven non-sex item scales will now be discussed.

The SAI-Juvenile is designed for sex offender assessment. Yet, in addition to sex-related scales (measures) it also assesses other non-sex-related scales or measures. These non-sex-related areas of inquiry include juvenile truthfulness while being tested, substance (alcohol and other drugs) use, violence proneness, antisocial attitudes, judgment and distress. It is important to note that the SAI-Juvenile and all of its scales are standardized (normed) on the juvenile sex offender population.

SEVEN NON-SEX-RELATED SCALES

Non-Sex Related Scales Summary

Test Item Truthfulness Scale

Alcohol Scale

Drugs Scale

Violence Scale

Antisocial Scale

Distress Scale

Judgment Scale

The SAI-Juvenile is designed for paraphilia and sexual offender assessment. Yet, it contains other areas of inquiry that are also important in understanding the sex offender. The SAI-Juvenile is much more than just another sex test. The SAI-Juvenile measures a wide variety of behaviors considered important in sex offender evaluations.

Test Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the client was while completing non-sex items in the SAI-Juvenile. It identifies guarded and defensive people who attempt to minimize their problems or fake good. It also identifies reading impaired clients.

The Test Item Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with non-sex item scales in the SAI-Juvenile. A Truth Correction equation then converts raw scale scores to Truth-Corrected scores. Raw scores reflect what the client wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the client is trying to hide. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores.

Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 90^th percentile mean that all non-sex item scales are inaccurate or invalid. Reasons for such invalidity include client minimization of problems, reading things into items that aren't there, or the client was attempting to fake good. Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the 89^th percentile mean that all non-sex item scale scores are accurate.

Clients with reading impairments may also score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range. A few questions about the client's education and reading abilities usually clarify the presence of a reading impairment. If the client can read the newspaper, he/she can read the SAI-Juvenile.

Why two truthfulness scales? In sex offender evaluation, it is important to know if the client is truthful. The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale determines if the client was truthful when answering test items with an obvious sexual connotation. In contrast, the Test Item Truthfulness Scale determines if the client was truthful when answering non-sex-related items.

These two truthfulness scales are presented (percentile score and graph) adjacent to each other on the first page of the SAI-Juvenile report to facilitate easy comparison. At a glance, SAI-Juvenile users know: a. If the client lied to sex item questions, b. If the client lied to non-sex item questions, c. If the client lied to both sex-related and non-sex-related questions, or d. If the client answered SAI-Juvenile items honestly. These truth versus dishonest answer options are straightforward yet very important when evaluating sex offenders. These proprietary truthfulness scales provide a wealth of respondent information before staff even look at SAI-Juvenile scale scores. Other assessment instruments and tests do not provide such information about client honesty. Comparison of these truthfulness scales provide considerable insight into client motivation, evasiveness strategies (if they exist) and intent.

Alcohol Scale: Measures the severity of alcohol use or abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine or other liquor. Alcohol use or abuse is often an important factor to be understood when evaluating people accused or convicted of a sex offense.

Alcohol is a significant problem in our society. The harm associated with alcohol abuse -- mental, emotional and physical -- is well documented. All too frequently, sex offenders state they were intoxicated when the offense occurred.

A Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) Alcohol Scale score identifies emerging drinking problems. An Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious and established drinking problems.

Elevated Alcohol Scale and Drugs Scale scores indicate polysubstance abuse, and the higher score often reflects the client's substance of choice. Elevated Alcohol Scale and Violence Scale scores are a malignant sign. Alcohol abuse can magnify a person's violent tendencies. Similarly, alcohol abuse can serve as a release mechanism for antisocial thinking and behavior. Alcohol Scale scores in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range compound client risk even more. Judgment often decreases as alcohol consumption increases. Elevated Alcohol and Distress Scale scores may initially represent an attempt to self-medicate, while intoxication may exacerbate suicidal ideation. The more of these scales that are elevated with the Alcohol Scale, the more problem prone the client's situation becomes. The Alcohol Scale can be interpreted individually or in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scale scores. When alcohol abuse is problematic, it becomes an important part of the sex offender's treatment program.

Drugs Scale: Measures drug use and abuse. Illicit drug use has become a serious problem in our society. Drugs refer to marijuana, crack, cocaine, ice, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin.

A Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) Drugs Scale score identifies emerging drug problems. A Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Drugs Scale score identifies established and very serious drug problems.

Elevated Alcohol, Violence, Antisocial and Distress Scales with an elevated Drugs Scale score is a malignant sign. Drug abuse can be part of polysubstance (drugs and alcohol) abuse, exacerbate violent tendencies, magnify antisocial beliefs (paranoia) and further impair judgment. Elevated Drugs and Distress Scale scores may represent attempts at self-medication; whereas, severe scores may represent suicidal thinking and acting out potential. The more of these scales that are elevated with the Drugs Scale, the more problem prone the client's situation becomes. The Drugs Scale can be interpreted individually or in combination with other scale scores. When drugs use is problematic, it becomes an important factor to be worked through in sex offender treatment programs.

Violence (Lethality) Scale: Measures the client's use of physical force to injure, damage and destroy. The Violence Scale identifies people who are dangerous to themselves and others.

A Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) Violence Scale score identifies violence prone individuals. A Violence Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies very violent and dangerous people. Some people are "violence prone" and often have a chip on their shoulder. They are sensitive to perceived insults, want to "get even" and overtly act out with little provocation.

Elevated Alcohol, Drugs, Antisocial and Distress Scales with an elevated Violence Scale are dangerous combinations because each of these scales represents potential violence magnifiers. When the elevated Distress Scale score is higher than the elevated Violence Scale score, anticipate an emotionally overwhelmed person who is in great pain and manifesting suicidal thinking. Elevated Antisocial Scale and Violence Scale scorers are problematic in that the clients may externalize their violent feelings to others, authority, institutions or federal agencies. Severe Problem Violence Scale scorers are dangerous to themselves and others. The Violence Scale can be interpreted individually or in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scale scores.

Antisocial Scale: Measures aggressive, impulsive and sometimes violent behavior that flouts social and ethical codes, such as laws relating to personal and property rights. Antisocial people are often opposed to society or existing organizations and moral codes. Antisocial attitudes and behavior are characterized by lack of responsibility, poor judgment and a seeming inability to learn from experience.

Elevated Antisocial Scale scores in the Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) range identify emerging antisocial tendencies. An Antisocial Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies established and extreme antisocial attitudes and behavior.

Elevated Antisocial and Violence Scale scores represent a dangerous profile in which the client often focuses their violent actions against society and its institutions. The higher the scores, the more dangerous the individual.

Elevated Antisocial Scale scoring in combination with an elevated Judgment Scale score is a malignant sign, as judgment becomes progressively impaired as these scores increase. Elevated Alcohol and Drugs Scales are often associated with impaired judgment. Judgment impairments become more extreme as these scale scores escalate into the Severe Problem range.

An elevated Antisocial Scale score in combination with an elevated Distress Scale score can be problematic, particularly in the Severe Problem range. These scale scores often identify people on the verge of being emotionally overwhelmed (anxiety, depression and distress) with established antisocial thinking exacerbated. In these instances, the client feels progressively more and more isolated and desperate. Such people can be dangerous to themselves and others. The Antisocial Scale can be interpreted individually or in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scale scores.

Distress Scale: Measures experienced pain (physical and mental) hurt and suffering. The Distress Scale provides a quantitative score that varies directly with the client's self-reported symptoms. This definition of distress incorporates medical problems, pain and suffering. Distress is one of the most common reasons people initiate counseling or psychotherapy. And, it often serves as the beginning point in clinical inquiry. The magnitude of the Distress Scale is important. Elevated scores at or above the 70^th percentile level indicate that something is wrong. Distress Scale scores in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range indicate the client is hurting, on the verge of being overwhelmed and desperate. These individuals are often desperate and need help. Consideration should be given to referring these individuals to a certified/licensed mental health professional for a diagnosis and treatment plan.

Sometimes, elevated Alcohol and Drugs Scale scores in conjunction with an elevated Distress Scale score identify hurting individuals that are attempting to self-medicate. Concurrently elevated Violence and Distress Scale scores are problematic. The highest Severe Problem score can provide insight regarding internalization (suicide) or externalization (explosive/homicide) of frustration, hostility and distress. These are malignant prognostic signs. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Antisocial and Distress Scale scores are descriptive of a very dangerous person. Add in an elevated Violence Scale, and such a person could engage in terrorist type behaviors. The Distress Scale can be interpreted independently or in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scales. An elevated Distress Scale score with elevated sex-related scales would have a very direct interpretation in terms of dissatisfaction, unhappiness or guilt. A person with a Severe Problem Distress Scale score typically will readily discuss their feelings with a sincerely interested staff member.

Judgment Scale: Measures the client's ability to form opinions and conclusions based on events. Judgment involves understanding and comprehension. It refers to the client's ability to compare facts or ideas, to understand relationships and to draw correct conclusions. Without judgment, people cannot develop self-evaluation in terms of "right" and "wrong" nor develop "remorse" or "guilt."

A Judgment Scale score in the Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) range identifies people with below average judgmental abilities. A Judgment Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies people with serious judgment problems. Elevated Judgment Scale scores, particularly in the Severe Problem range, impact on most, if not all other, SAI-Juvenile scales. As judgment decreases, a person's life becomes more problem prone.

Judgment, as defined in the SAI-Juvenile Judgment Scale, has not been correlated with intelligence. Consequently, the relationship between judgment and intelligence is unknown. More research is needed to clarify this relationship.

Elevated Judgment Scale scores are related to impaired judgment, social skills and conceivably impulse control. The Judgment Scale can be interpreted individually or in combination with other SAI-Juvenile scale scores.

As stated earlier, the following table is a starting point for interpreting SAI-Juvenile scale scores.

A problem is not identified until a scale score is at or above the 70^th percentile. Elevated scale scores refer to percentile scores that are at or above the 70^th percentile. Severe Problem scores are at or above the 90^th percentile. Problem Risk scores represent 20% of respondents evaluated with the SAI-Juvenile. Severe Problem scores represent the highest 11% of respondents evaluated with the SAI-Juvenile. The SAI-Juvenile has been normed on thousands of sex offenders, and this normative sample continues to expand with each SAI-Juvenile test that is administered.

Sex offender assessment is particularly complex, involving clinical considerations (victim and perpetrator), concern about harm to others and legal issues. Such evaluation should include record review, interviews and test results. No decision should be based solely upon test results.

In conclusion, the Sexual Adjustment Inventory and the SAI-Juvenile measure a wide variety of attitudes and behaviors that are important for understanding sex offenders. In addition to identifying sexual deviates and paraphilias, the SAI-Juvenile quantifies client substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, violence and lethal acting out potential, antisocial thinking, distress (anxiety and depression) and judgment. The SAI-Juvenile provides information important for the identification and understanding of people that inappropriately act on their sexual urges.

An example SAI-Juvenile report is provided for review. Each of these reports utilizes the same format or outline, yet they are highly individualized. These five-page reports summarize SAI-Juvenile scale scores, explain what they mean and present score-related recommendations. The thirteen SAI-Juvenile scales are organized as follows: Test Item Truthfulness and Sex Item Truthfulness Scales are discussed on page 1; the sex-related scales (Sexual Adjustment, Child Molest, Sexual Assault, Incest and Exhibitionism) are examined on page 2; with non-sex-related scales (Alcohol, Drugs, Violence, Antisocial, Distress and Judgment) presented on pages 3 and 4. Space is provided for staff observations/recommendations and their signature. Page 5 summarizes significant items (direct admissions and unusual answers) and the built-in structured interview (items 189 through 214).